Ethereum was proposed in late 2013 and then brought to life in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin and a team of other developers. It's a blockchain-based platform known for its native cryptocurrency called Ether (ETH). Unlike Bitcoin, which was designed primarily as a digital currency, Ethereum's primary purpose is to enable and run decentralized applications (DApps).
At the heart of Ethereum's platform are smart contracts. These are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller being directly written into lines of code. Smart contracts allow for transactions and agreements to be carried out without the need for a central authority, legal system, or external enforcement mechanism.
Ether is the cryptocurrency generated by the Ethereum protocol as a reward to miners in a proof-of-work system for adding blocks to the blockchain. It is used to pay for transaction fees and computational services on the Ethereum network.
Ethereum enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications (DApps). These applications can range from games to marketplaces to exchanges, all operating without a central point of control or ownership.
Despite its groundbreaking potential, Ethereum faces several challenges. These include scalability issues, high gas fees during peak usage, and environmental concerns associated with proof-of-work mining. The development community is actively working on solutions, including the transition to Ethereum 2.0, Layer 2 scaling solutions, and improvements in network efficiency.